If you're thinking about joining a 529 plan, or if you've already opened an account, you might be concerned about how 529 funds
will affect your child's chances of receiving financial aid. Of all the areas related to 529 plans, financial aid is perhaps the most
uncertain, and the one most likely to change in the future. But here's where things stand now.
First, why should you be concerned?
The financial aid process is all about assessing what a family can afford to pay for college and trying to fill the gap. To do this, the
institutions that offer financial aid examine a family's income and assets to determine how much a family should be expected to
contribute before receiving financial aid. Financial aid formulas weigh assets differently, depending on whether they are owned by
the parent or the child. So, it's important to know how your college savings plan account or your prepaid tuition plan account will
be classified, because this will affect the amount of your child's financial aid award.
A general word about financial aid
Financial aid is money given to a student to help that student pay for college or graduate school. This money can consist of one or
more of the following:
• A loan (which must be repaid in the future)
• A grant (which doesn't need to be repaid)
• A scholarship
• A work-study job (where the student gets a part-time job either on campus or in the community and earns money for tuition)
The typical financial aid package contains all of these types of aid. Obviously, grants are more favorable than loans because they
don't need to be repaid. However, over the past few decades, the percentage of loans in the average aid package has been
steadily increasing, while the percentage of grants has been steadily decreasing. This trend puts into perspective what qualifying
for more financial aid can mean. There are no guarantees that a larger financial aid award will consist of favorable grants and
scholarships--your child may simply get (and have to pay back) more loans.
The two main sources of financial aid are the federal government and colleges. In determining a student's financial need, the
federal government uses a formula known as the federal methodology, while colleges use a formula known as the institutional
methodology. The treatment of your 529 plan may differ, depending on the formula used.
How is your child's financial need determined?
Though the federal government and colleges use different formulas to assess financial need, the basic process is the same. You
and your child fill out a financial aid application by listing your current assets and income (exactly what assets must be listed will
depend on the formula used). The federal application is known as the FAFSA (Free Application for Federal Student Aid); colleges
generally use an application known as the PROFILE.
Your family's asset and income information is run through a specific formula to determine your expected family contribution (EFC).
The EFC represents the amount of money that your family is considered to have available to put toward college costs for that
year. The federal government uses its EFC figure in distributing federal aid; a college uses its EFC figure in distributing its own
private aid. The difference between your EFC and the cost of attendance (COA) at your child's college equals your child's financial
need. The COA generally includes tuition, fees, room and board, books, supplies, transportation, and personal expenses. It's
important to remember that the amount of your child's financial need will vary, depending on the cost of a particular school.
The results of your FAFSA are sent to every college that your child applies to. Every college that accepts a student will then
attempt to craft a financial aid package to meet that student's financial need. In addition to the federal EFC figure, the college has
its own EFC figure to work with. Eventually, the financial aid administrator will create an aid package made up of loans, grants,
scholarships, and work-study jobs. Some of the aid will be from federal programs (e.g., Stafford Loan, Perkins Loan, Pell Grant),
and the rest will be from the college's own endowment funds. Keep in mind that colleges aren't obligated to meet all of your child's
financial need. If they don't, you're responsible for the shortfall.
The federal methodology and 529 plans
Now let's see how a 529 account will affect federal financial aid. Under the federal methodology, 529 plans--both college savings
plans and prepaid tuition plans--are considered an asset of the parent, if the parent is the account owner.
So, if you're the parent and the account owner of a 529 plan, you must list the value of the account as an asset on the FAFSA.
Under the federal formula, a parent's assets are assessed (or counted) at a rate of no more than 5.6%. This means that every
year, the federal government treats 5.6% of a parent's assets as available to help pay college costs. By contrast, student assets
are currently assessed at a rate of 20%.
There are a few points to keep in mind regarding the classification of 529 plans as a parental asset:
• A parent is required to list a 529 plan as an asset only if he or she is the account owner of the plan. If a grandparent is the
account owner, then the 529 plan doesn't need to be listed as an asset on the FAFSA.
• Any student-owned or UTMA/UGMA-owned 529 account is also reported as a parent asset if the student files the FAFSA as
a dependent student. A 529 account is considered an UTMA/UGMA-owned account when UTMA/UGMA assets are
transferred to a 529 account.
• If your adjusted gross income is less than $50,000 and you meet a few other requirements, the federal government doesn't
count any of your assets in determining your EFC. So, your 529 plan wouldn't affect financial aid eligibility at all.
Distributions (withdrawals) from a parent-owned 529 plan that are used to pay the beneficiary's qualified education expenses
aren't classified as either parent or student income on the FAFSA the following year. However, distributions from a
grandparent-owned 529 account are counted as student income on the FAFSA the following year, which has the effect of reducing
a student's aid eligibility by 50% because student income is assessed at 50%.
The federal methodology and other college savings options
How do other college savings options fare under the federal system? Coverdell education savings accounts, mutual funds, and
U.S. savings bonds (e.g., Series EE and Series I) owned by a parent are considered parental assets and counted at a rate of
5.6%. However, UTMA/UGMA custodial accounts and trusts are considered student assets. Under the federal methodology,
student assets are assessed at a rate of 20% in calculating the EFC.
Also, distributions (withdrawals) from a Coverdell ESA that are used to pay qualified education expenses are treated the same as
distributions from a 529 plan--they aren't counted as either parent or student income on the FAFSA, so they don't reduce financial
aid eligibility.
One final point to note is that the federal government excludes some assets entirely from consideration in the financial aid
process. These assets include all retirement accounts (e.g., traditional IRAs, Roth IRAs, employer-sponsored retirement plans),
cash value life insurance, home equity, and annuities.
The institutional methodology and 529 plans
When distributing aid from their own endowment funds, colleges aren't required to use the federal methodology. As noted, most
colleges use the PROFILE application (a few colleges use their own individual application). Generally speaking, the PROFILE digs
a bit deeper into your family finances than the FAFSA.
Regarding 529 plans, the PROFILE generally follows the federal treatment of 529 plans. But check with your individual college for more information.